The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (Russian: ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????), commonly known as Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary (Russian: ????????? ???????? ?????), is a major explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. It contains about 200,000 words and 30,000 proverbs. It was collected, edited and published by academician Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (Russian: ????????? ????????? ????; 1801-1872), one of the most prominent Russian language lexicographers and folklore collectors of the 19th century.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian language was the only substantial dictionary printed repeatedly (1935, 1955) in the Soviet Union in compliance with the old rules of spelling and alphabet, which were repealed in 1918.
Video Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
History and features
The author shows his specific understanding of the Russian language on the cover, using the old spelling ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? (with single "s" in "Russian"). However, this is a unique spelling deviation from the standard grammar, on which Dahl insisted. In his speeches at the Russian Geographical Society (traditionally published with his forewords in a preface) Dahl opposes the "illiterate" distortion of words in vulgar parlance. However he distinguishes between these distortions and regional dialectical variations, which he collected meticulously over decades of travel from European Russia to Siberia.
Another principle on which Dahl insisted rigorously was the rejection of transliterated/transcribed foreign-language roots as base words, in favour of Russian roots. However certain loanwords like "????????" (Prospekt (street)) were included.
Maps Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
Editions
Dahl saw only the first edition of his dictionary. The editors of the posthumous second edition (1880-1883) expanded it using the author's words cards, but, following the norms of Russian public morality, abstained from adding entries with obscene words.
In 1903, linguist Baudouin de Courtenay insisted as editor of the third edition on including obscene words. Although this was criticised, this version sold well. There was a fourth edition in 1912-1914.
The fifth edition (1935) was supported by Joseph Stalin and had a high cultural significance, since it was printed in the old "spelling" (repealed in 1918), thus providing continuity in the perception of pre-revolutionary literature by new generations. This edition was based on the second edition (1880-1883). The Baudouin de Courtenay edition was never reprinted in Soviet times.
In 1955, the dictionary was reprinted in the Soviet Union again with a circulation of 100,000. This sixth edition relied also on that of 1880-1883 (i.e. without obscene words). Copies of the second edition were used as the source for the stereotype (photographically reproduced) reprint. However, this was not an exact reproduction of an original: derivatives of the root ??? (jew) were removed from page 541 of volume 1.
This ambiguous censorship stems from controversy over the use of two roots used concurrently in Russian and in many other European languages. Although Russian ??? is equivalent to Czech: ?id, English: jew; while Russian: ????? corresponds to Czech: hebrejci and English: hebrew, the first form (widely used in Russian literature through the 19th century (Lermontov, Gogol et al.)) was later considered an expletive with a tinge of antisemitism. To ensure "political correctness", the 1955 editors decided to remove the entire entry, keeping the original page numbers by increasing the line spacing on the censored page. The verb ?????? (to dilute, to become "more liquid", a derivative of ?????? (liquid)) also disappeared from that page of the 1955 edition.
- ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. I-IV (1st ed.). ?., ???.: ?-?? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. 1863-1866.
- ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. I-IV (2nd ed.). ???., ?.: ?. ?. ?????. 1880-1883.
- ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. I-IV (3rd ed.). ???., ?.: ?. ?. ?????. 1903-1909.
Ed. by Prof. Baudouin de Courtenay
- ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. I-IV (4th ed.). ???., ?.: ?. ?. ?????. 1912-1914.
Ed. by Prof. Baudouin de Courtenay
- ??. ????. ???????? ???????. I-IV (5th ed.). ?.: ????, 1935.
- ??. ????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. I-IV (6th ed.). ?.: ???. ???-?? ??????. ? ??????. ????????, 1955.
See also
- Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov)
Sources
- Terras, Victor, Handbook of Russian Literature (Yale University Press, 1990), ISBN 0-300-04868-8
References
External links
- ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? [Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary Online] (in Russian). Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- "Searchable version of Dahl's, Ushakov's and Ozhegov's dictionaries" (in Russian). Retrieved February 11, 2011.
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